Wielka Sobota nie jest tak bogata w treść ewangeliczną i dogmatyczną, jak Wielki Czwartek i Wielki Piątek. Tego dnia przeżywamy tajemnicę zstąpienia Chrystusa do piekieł, czyli do otchłani. Przebywały w niej dusze prawych ludzi Starego Testamentu. Nie mogły one wejść do nieba, bo było ono przed nimi zamknięte, a swoim bogobojnym życiem nie zasługiwały na wieczne potępienie. Czekały więc na czas nadejścia Zbawiciela i dokonanego przez Niego odkupienia. Wśród tych sprawiedliwych dusz były dusze Adama, Ewy, Abla, Noego, Abrahama, patriarchów i proroków, Samuela, Mojżesza, Dawida, Anny i Joachima – rodziców Matki Bożej, Józefa – ojca Jezusa, Jana Chrzciciela i wielu innych.
Prawda ta została zawarta w Składzie Apostolskim: „Zstąpił do piekieł, trzeciego dnia zmartwychwstał”. Potwierdza ją Symbol Atanazjański. Przekonanie to ma oparcie w nauce św. Piotra: „Chrystus bowiem raz umarł za grzechy, Sprawiedliwy za niesprawiedliwych, aby was do Boga przyprowadzić; zabity wprawdzie na ciele, ale powołany do życia Duchem. W Nim poszedł nawet głosić (zbawienie) duchom zamkniętym w więzieniu”. Wiarę w tę prawdę wyznawali już pierwsi pisarze Kościoła. Św. Ireneusz (+ ok. 202) pisze: „Chrystus zstąpił do podziemi, oznajmiając również duszom w otchłani swoje przybycie, gdyż ci, którzy wierzą weń, dostępują odpuszczenia grzechów”. Tertulian (+ po 220): „Jeśli Chrystus zstąpił do podziemia, by tam patriarchów i proroków zawiadomić o sobie, masz wierzyć w istnienie podziemnej krainy piekieł”. Św. Cyryl Jerozolimski (+ 387): „Zstąpił do podziemia, by stamtąd sprawiedliwych odkupić… Był tam Dawid i Samuel, i wszyscy prorocy, sam nawet Jan (Chrzciciel)… Nie myślisz, żeby takich mężów zstępując wybawił?”
W tym dniu do godzin popołudniowych kapłani święcą pokarmy. W Polsce lud przynosi je w przyozdobionych koszyczkach. W innych krajach, np. we Włoszech, kapłani chodzą po domach, otrzymując w zamian ofiary. W Polsce również kiedyś panował ten zwyczaj. Zniesiono go z powodu nadużyć. Tak o nich np. pisze biskup płocki Załuski w roku 1733: „Upowszechnił się zwyczaj święcenia pokarmów w Wielką Sobotę po domach osób świeckich, który, aczkolwiek sam w sobie pobożny i chwalebny, dla nadużyć jednak cierpianym być nie może. Proboszczowie w dniu po złożeniu Chrystusa w grobie zamiast poświęcić ogień i wodę, słuchać spowiedzi itp., wszystko to opuściwszy, biegają po wsiach i domach, i często ledwo zdążą na jutrznię, a niekiedy niezdolni są nawet do odprawienia Mszy świętej ze zgorszeniem ludu i zniewagą stanu duchownego. Dlatego też niech wyłożą wiernym, iż nie jest koniecznością wszystkie pokarmy poświęcać, lecz dosyć niektóre z nich, choćby tylko sam chleb, a ten z łatwością może być przyniesiony do drzwi kościelnych i tam błogosławiony”. O. Newerani pisał w roku 1739 w „Ozdobie Kościoła 
Katolickiego”: „Święcą baranka, przypominającego prawdziwego Baranka-Chrystusa i Jego triumf, dlatego też zwyczajnie chorągiewki na pieczonym baranku stawiają. Święcą mięsiwa, którego się Żydom pożywać nie godziło, na dowód, żeśmy przez Chrystusa Pana z jarzma Starego Zakonu uwolnieni… Święcą chrzan na znak tego, że gorzkość męki Jezusowej tegoż dnia w słodycz się nam zamienia, i dlatego też przy tym masło święcą, które znaczy tę słodycz. Święcą na ostatek i jaja na dowód tego, że jako kokosz dwojako niejako kurczęta rodzi, raz niosąc owoc, drugi raz go wysiadując, tak przez Chrystusa dwa razy jesteśmy odrodzeni”.
Katolickiego”: „Święcą baranka, przypominającego prawdziwego Baranka-Chrystusa i Jego triumf, dlatego też zwyczajnie chorągiewki na pieczonym baranku stawiają. Święcą mięsiwa, którego się Żydom pożywać nie godziło, na dowód, żeśmy przez Chrystusa Pana z jarzma Starego Zakonu uwolnieni… Święcą chrzan na znak tego, że gorzkość męki Jezusowej tegoż dnia w słodycz się nam zamienia, i dlatego też przy tym masło święcą, które znaczy tę słodycz. Święcą na ostatek i jaja na dowód tego, że jako kokosz dwojako niejako kurczęta rodzi, raz niosąc owoc, drugi raz go wysiadując, tak przez Chrystusa dwa razy jesteśmy odrodzeni”.Wśród rzeczy w koszyku świątecznym nie może zabraknąć pisanek (kraszanek). Te jajka, często artystycznie zdobione, wyobrażają zwycięstwo życia nad śmiercią, bo z niego wychodzi kurczę. Dawniej nie wolno było spożywać w Wielkim Poście również nabiału i jaj. Dlatego tak chętnie niesiemy je do poświęcenia. O zwyczaju pisanek wspomina już w wieku XII bł. Wincenty Kadłubek w swojej Kronice.
Przez całą Wielką Sobotę nie sprawuje się Mszy świętej – tego dnia sprawowana jest jedynie Liturgia Godzin. Dopiero późnym wieczorem, po zapadnięciu zmroku, rozpoczyna się świętowanie Wielkiej Nocy poprzez najuroczystszą i najpiękniejszą liturgię całego roku – Wigilię Paschalną.
W Polsce w Wielką Sobotę trwa adoracja Chrystusa w kaplicy Jego grobu. W wielu parafiach wartę przy Grobie pełnią straż ogniowa, harcerze, służba porządkowa itp. W miastach tłumy nawiedzają kościoły, by pomodlić się i zobaczyć groby.
W Wielką Sobotę zgodnie z tradycją na wsiach „gospodynie i parobczaki, którym sprzykrzył się żur ciągle używany przez post, ciesząc się, że miejsce jego zajmą jajka i kawałek tłustej wędliny, grzebią żur, rozbijając garnek, zwany żurowiec, w którym się tenże gotował, ciskaniem do niego kamieni, skorupy wyrzucając na drogę” (relacja Oskara Kolberga). Nazywano to „grzebaniem Postu”. W innych stronach czyniono to ze śledziem, wieszając go na drzewie za to, że przez sześć tygodni Wielkiego Postu panował nad mięsem, morząc żołądki ludzkie.
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